Judicious use of wastewater to grow crops will help solve water scarcity in the agriculture sector. At a time when we need to produce more food to feed an ever-increasing population, wastewater can be used by farmers either directly through irrigation, and indirectly by recharging aquifers.
Using wastewater in the backdrop of water scarcity due to climate change formed the basis of talks in Berlin during the annual Global Forum for Food and Agriculture.
“…globally, only a small proportion of treated wastewater is being used for agriculture, most of it municipal wastewater. But (an) increasing numbers of countries—Egypt, Jordan, Mexico, Spain and the United States, for example—have been exploring the possibilities as they wrestle with mounting water scarcity,” says Marlos De Souza, senior officer with the Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) land and water division.
Managing a critical resource wisely
Water is vital for food production and climate change threatens this most precious resource. At present, agriculture accounts for 70 per cent of global freshwater withdrawals and more than 90 percent of its consumptive use. Population as well as economic expansion are placing enormous burden on freshwater resources. The overall rate of groundwater withdrawals is steadily increasingly by 1 per cent per year since the 1980s. Over the years, groundwater has been used by farmers to grow crops, resulting in aquifer depletion, groundwater pollution and soil salinisation.
Key facts
Two litres of water are often sufficient for daily drinking purposes but it takes about 3,000 litres to produce the daily food needs of a person
Globally, groundwater provides around 50 per cent of all drinking water and 43 per cent ofall agricultural irrigation
Irrigated agriculture accounts for 20 per cent of the total cultivated land but contributes 40 per cent of the total food produced worldwide
FAO estimates that irrigated land in developing countries will increase by 34 per cent by 2030, but the amount of water used by agriculture will increase by only 14 per cent, thanks to improved irrigation management and practices
A report points out that as water scarcity is growing globally, salinisation, pollution of water courses and bodies and degradation of water-related ecosystems are rising. Large lakes and inland seas are shrinking and wetlands are vanishing.
“Water scarcity is pretty big issue…with increasing population, changing diets and increasing competition for water resources and water services, water scarcity will be more widespread,” Olcay Ünver, deputy director of FAO’s land and water division, says.
In the face of climate change and water scarcity, farmers have to look for alternative ways to grow crops. Wastewater is a valuable and an untapped resource till now in many countries. It can prove beneficial for agriculture, agroforestry and forestry sectors and help achieve food security, but only after it has been properly treated. Wastewater is rich in nutrients, making it a good fertilizer.
Over the years multipurpose dams have often served the needs of the agriculture sector. While potential for building new dams still exists in some regions, most of the suitable sites are already in use and the development of new ones is being increasingly questioned in the face of environmental consequences.
Water scarcity is present in all regions of the world. Around 2 billion people living in the world’s drylands are especially vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, such as drought and water insecurity.
According a FAO expert, for each degree of global warming, an additional seven per cent of the global population will be subject to decreased availability of water resources.
As an adaptive measure, many countries are using wastewater to meet their water needs. In Tunisia, wastewater is being widely used in agroforestry projects, supporting both wood production as well as anti-desertification efforts.
In central Mexico, municipal wastewater has long been used to irrigate crops. In the past, ecological processes helped reduce health risks. More recently, crop restrictions (some crops can be safely grown with wastewater, while others cannot) and the installation of water treatment facilities have been added to the system.
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